Reflective Practice: Tools and Challenges in Difficult Contexts

Authors

  • Anestin Lum Chi Government Technical College, Cameroon

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v3i4.100

Keywords:

Reflective Practice, Teacher Training, Professional Development, Difficult Contexts

Abstract

Reflective practice (RP) plays a prominent role in both the initial training and continuous professional development of teachers. It helps teachers to improve on their teaching practice by thinking about their experiences, identifying areas for improvement and making changes. This article discusses RP as a vital component of teacher training and development and presents a range of tools and practical strategies for encouraging and supporting teachers on their journey to becoming reflective practitioners, drawing on my personal experience and the experience of a pre-service teacher on  teaching practice, whom I interviewed. But it also leverages on the Cameroon context, which reflects the realities of most Global South countries, in general, and Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, to explain how and why many of the tools would not work very well in difficult contexts and suggests ways in which teachers working in such contexts can navigate the challenges. Given that RP is a continuous process that requires ongoing engagement and dedication, this article makes a case for teachers, especially those working in difficult contexts, to be encouraged and supported in the process.

References

Allwright, D. (2005). Developing principles for practitioner research: The case of exploratory practice. The Modern Language Journal, 89(3), 353-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2005.00310.x

Bailey, K. M. (2006). Language teacher supervision: A case-based approach. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667329

Bailey, K. M., Curtis, A., & Nunan, D. (2001). Pursuing professional development: The self as source. Heinle & Heinle.

Brinton, D., & Holten, C. (1989). What novice teachers focus on: The practicum in TESL. TESOL Quarterly, 23(2), 343-350. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587356

Brock, M. N., Yu, B., & Wong, M. (1992). “Journaling” together: Collaborative diary-keeping and teacher development. In J. Flowerdew, M.N. Brock, & S. Hsia (Eds.), Perspectives on second language teacher education (pp. 295-307). City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.

Brookfield, S. D. (2017). Becoming a critically reflective teacher (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Chudgar, A. (2015). Association between contract teachers and student learning in five Francophone African countries. Comparative Education Review, 59(2), 261-288. https://doi.org/10.1086/680351

Chudgar, A., Chandra, M., & Razzaque, A. (2014). Alternative forms of teacher hiring in developing countries and its implications: A review of literature. Teaching and Teacher Education, 37, 150-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.10.009

Dewey, J. (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process. DC Heath and Company.

Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. Simon & Schuster.

Driscoll, J. (2007). Adventures in facilitating group clinical supervision in practice. In J. Driscoll (ed.), Practising clinical supervision: A reflective approach for healthcare professionals (pp. 53-71). Elsevier.

Edge, J. (1992). Cooperative development: Professional self-development through cooperation with colleagues. Longman.

Edwards, A. (2010). Being an expert professional practitioner: The relational turn. Springer.

Evans, D. K., Yuan, F., & Filmer, D. (2020). Are Teachers in Africa Poorly Paid? Evidence from 15 Countries. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis.

Farrell, T. S. C. (2007). Reflective language teaching: From research to practice. Continuum. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474212328

Farrell, T. S. C. (2008). Reflective practice in the professional development of teachers of adult english language learners. CAELA Network Brief.

Farrell, T. S. C. (2019). Reflective practice in L2 teacher education. In Walsh, S., & Mann, S. (Eds.), The routledge handbook of english language teacher education (pp. 38-51). Routledge.

Gaudin, C., & Chaliès, S. (2015). Video viewing in teacher education and professional development: A literature review. Educational Research Review, 16(16), 41-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2015.06.001

Gebhard, J. G., & Nagamine, T. (2005). A mutual learning experience: Collaborative journaling between a nonnative-speaker intern and native-speaker cooperating-teacher. Asian EFL Journal, 7(2), 48-67.

Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Further Education Unit.

Hudson, P. (2014). Feedback consistencies and inconsistencies: Eight mentors’ observations on one preservice teacher’s lesson. European Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2013.801075

Jansen, S., Knippels, M. P., & van Joolingen, W. R. (2021). Lesson study as a research approach: A case study. International Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies, 10(3), 286-301. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLLS-12-2020-0098

Kiely, R., & Davis, M. (2010). From transmission to transformation: Teacher learning in english for speakers of other languages. Language Teaching Research, 14(3), 277-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168810365241

Killion, J. P., & Todnem, G. R. (1991). A process for personal theory building. Educational Leadership, 48(6), 14-16.

Kleinknecht, M., & Schneider, J. (2013). What do teachers think and feel when analyzing videos of themselves and other teachers teaching? Teaching and Teacher Education, 33, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.02.002

Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall.

Lambert, S. (2004). Teachers’ pay and conditions: An assessment of recent trends in Africa. UNESCO.

Levin, B. B., & Rock, T. C. (2003). The effects of collaborative action research on preservice and experienced teacher partners in professional development schools. Journal of Teacher Education, 54(2), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102250287

Mann, S. (2005). The language teacher’s development. Language Teaching, 38(3), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444805002867

Mann, S., & Walsh, S. (2017). Reflective practice in english language teaching: Research-based principles and practices. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315733395

Mermelstein, A. D. (2018). Reflective teaching as a form of professional development. MEXTESOL Journal, 42(4), 1-14.

Mtika, P., Robson, D., & Fitzpatrick, R. (2014). Joint observation of student teaching and related tripartite dialogue during field experience: Partner perspectives. Teaching and Teacher Education, 39, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.12.006

Rich, P. J., & Hannafin, M. (2009). Video annotation tools: Technologies to scaffold, structure, and transform teacher reflection. Journal of Teacher Education, 60(1), 52-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487108328486

Richards, J. C., & Farrell, T. S. (2005). Professional development for language teachers: Strategies for teacher learning. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667237

Richards, J. C., & Farrell, T. S. (2011). Practice teaching: A reflective approach. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139151535

Richards, J. C., & Lockhart, C. (1994). Reflective teaching in second language classrooms. CUPress. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667169

Richardson, L. (1997). Fields of play: Constructing an academic life. Rutgers University Press.

Rodgers, C. (2002). Defining reflection: Another look at John Dewey and reflective thinking. Teachers College Record, 104(4), 842-866.

Salas, S., & Mercado, L. (2010). Looking for the big picture: Macrostrategies for L2 teacher observation and feedback. English Teaching Forum, 48(4), 18-23.

Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic books.

Seidel, T., Stürmer, K., Blomberg, G., Kobarg, M., & Schwindt, K. (2011). Teacher learning from analysis of videotaped classroom situations: Does it make a difference whether teachers observe their own teaching or that of others? Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(2), 259-267.

Sowa, P. A. (2009). Understanding our learners and developing reflective practice: Conducting action research with english language learners. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(8), 1026-1032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.04.008

Timperley, H. (2001). Mentoring conversations designed to promote student teacher learning. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 29(2), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598660120061309

UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2012). The global demand for primary teachers: 2012 Update. Montreal: UIS. http://www.uis.unesco.org/FactSheets/Documents /ib10-2012-teacher-projections.pdf.

Ushioda, E. (2003). Motivation as a socially mediated process. In D. Little, J. Ridley and E. Ushioda (Eds.), Learner autonomy in the foreign language classroom: Teacher, learner, curriculum and assessment (pp. 90-102). Authentik.

Wajnryb, R. (1992). Classroom observation tasks: A resource book for language teachers and trainers. Cambridge University Press.

Walsh, S. (2006). Investigating classroom discourse. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203015711

Walsh, S., & Mann, S. (2015). Doing reflective practice: A data-led way forward. ELT Journal, 69(4), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccv018

West, M. 1960. Teaching english in difficult circumstances: Teaching English as a foreign language with notes on the technique of textbook construction. Longmans.

Windsor, S., Kriewaldt, J., Nash, M., Lilja, A., & Thornton, J. (2022). Developing teachers: Adopting observation tools that suspend judgement to stimulate evidence-informed dialogue during the teaching practicum to enrich teacher professional development. Professional Development in Education, 48(4), 642-656. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2020.1712452

World Bank. (2018). Learning to realize education’s promise. The World Bank.

Downloads

Published

2023-07-01

How to Cite

Chi, A. L. (2023). Reflective Practice: Tools and Challenges in Difficult Contexts. Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 3(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v3i4.100

Issue

Section

Articles