Arundhati’s Literary Voice through the Lens of Rokeya’s Subaltern Enlightenment: A Reading on The Ministry of Utmost Happiness and Padmarag
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v5i4.222Keywords:
Subaltern, Social Construction, Tarini Bhaban, Jannath Guest House, EnlightenmentAbstract
“Subaltern” genders in South Asia denote the subordination of female gender and transgender, who cannot speak against the patriarchal social dominance. To make the subalterns speak, in 1924, Begum Rokeya in her Padmarag, and in 2017, Arundhati Roy in her The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, boldly resist in the same tone for the stigmatized and dispossessed against the social construction. To enlighten and boost up the silent spirits of the subalterns, Rokeya introduces “Tarini Bhaban” and Arundhati “Jannat Guest House,” two paradises full of reason, nature, freedom, progress, and happiness in the society of the Indian subcontinent. This paper aims to show “Jannat Guest House” and “Tarini Bhaban” as places of enlightenment for the subalterns, who are considered inferior rank in the society and family of the Indian subcontinent. The paper also explores the miserable socio-living conditions of those oppressed genders. In Rokeya’s time, women named Tarini, Soudamini, and Sakina were marginalized in patriarchal social power and denied health, education, employment, liberty, and individuality. Also in Arundhati’s novel, transgender Anjuman; straightforward woman Tilottoma, and many paradoxical identities are mistreated and rejected by their blood relations and excluded from any kind of social forms and organizations.
References
Bagchi, B. (2003). Inside Tarini Bhavan: Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain’s Padmarag and the richness of South Asian Feminism in furthering unsectarian, gender-just human development. IGIDR online, 29.
Beverley, J. (1999). Subalternity and representation: Arguments in cultural theory. Duke University Press.
Butler, J. (2013). Imitation and gender insubordination. In Inside/out (pp. 13-31). Routledge.
Gairola, R. (2002). Burning with shame: Desire and South Asian patriarchy, from Gayatri Spivak's" Can the subaltern speak?" to Deepa Mehta's" Fire". Comparative Literature, 307-324.
Gopinath, S. (2019). Gendered spaces captured in cultural representations: Conceptualizing the Indian experience in Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. Humanities, 9(1), 2.
Haque, R. M. & Hasan, R. (2018). Feminist idea of Begum Rokeya and its holistic explanation, Social Science Review, The Dhaka University Studies, part-d. 35(2).
Hasan, M. M. (2004). Indictment of misogyny on Mary Wollstonecraft and Rokeya Shakhawat Hossain, BRAC University Journal, I (2), pp. 1-12.
Hasan, M. M. (2018). Writing from the margins: Multiple subalternity of Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain. Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature, 12(2), 174-191.
Hegel, G. W. F., Rauch, L., & Sherman, D. (1999). Hegel's phenomenology of self-consciousness: text and commentary. SUNY Press.
Hossain, R. S. (1973). Padmarag [1924]. Rokeya Rachanabali, 255-368.
Hyde, L. (1983). The gift: Imagination and the erotic life of property.
Islam, M. S., & Islam, R. (2012). Emancipation of women through education and economic freedom: A feminist study of Begum Rokeya’s Utopias. SUST Journal of Social Sciences, 18(4), 11-19.
Kashyap, T. A. N. U. (2019). Aligning connotations of lost identities in Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. Research Journal of English Language and Literature, 7(1), 66-72.
Mali, P. B. (2019). A critical study on Aundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, Research Journal of English Language and Literature (RJELAL), 7(2).
Miah, M. M. (2014). A feminist critical evaluation of how Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain’s language of protest deplored patriarchy and social anachronism in the British Bengal. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3(10), 41-51.
Quayum, M. A. (2015). Hindu–Muslim relations in the work of Rabindranath Tagore and Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain. South Asia Research, 35(2), 177-194.
Ray, B. (2005). A Voice of protest: The writings of Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain (1880-1932). Women of India: Colonial and Post Colonial Period, Sage Publication, 427-453.
Roy, A. (2017). The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. Random House India.
Shahbaz, S., Khushi, Q., & Qasim, H. M. (2020). Exploring social and situational transgender trauma in Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. Hamdard Islamicus, 43(1&2), 73-80.
Simoncelli, A. (2020). Between two genders: Indian third sex and its no man’s land portrayed in The Ministry of Utmost Happiness by Arundhati Roy, National Scientific e-Conference e-Factory of Science (3 eds.).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Morshedul Alam

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles published by CJLLS are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This license permits third parties to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon the original work provided that the original work and source is appropriately cited.